考研英语之非谓语动词

01 动名词

定义：动词的ing形式起名词作用时，称为动名词, 在句中成分

1.作主语: Dancing bored be.

2.作表语: Her hobby is collecting stamps.

3.作宾语：Please stop talking.

4.作介词的宾语：She was looking forward to leaving the hospital wards

1.动名词结构作主语

(1)一般结构：

Reading French is easier than speaking it.

Talking to him is talking to a wall.

Lying in bed is my solo exercise.

Seeing is believing.

Talking mends no holes.

(2)先行词it作，动名词主语置后：

It’s nice seeing you again.

Is it worthwhile quarreling with her?

It is tiring driving from morning till night.

It’s a wonder meeting you here.

It’s been a kind of misfortune having my class.

(3)There is + no +动名词，表示“没法......”= there is no way to do sth.

There is no living in Beijing.

There was arguing with her

2.动名词结构作表语

Her hobby is eating.

She likes reading books.

Denying this will be shutting one’s eyes to facts.

His aim is everybody having a good time. (everybody作having a good time的逻辑主语)

3.动名词结构作宾语

Do you enjoying teaching?

Other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

Teachers’ union have fought against dismissing bad teachers and promoting good one.

4.动名词结构作介词的宾语

He has given up taking medicine.

She insisted on writing at once.

Are you interested in going with us?

I was afraid of making friends.

They accused him of taking bribes.

5.介词+动名词构成状语

Think twice before making up your mind.

And, in doing so, he fell into contradictions.

After standing in the queue in four hours, we got two tickets.

Instead of going to the haven, we went to the hell. 

6.介词+动名词构成定语

He is good at the art of making friends.

To whom do I have the honor of speaking.

It’s a device for opening bottles.

02 分词

定义：分词分为现在分词doing和过去分词done,补充说明名词或动词的状态，有形容词和副词的语法功能。用来替换基本句式中的形容词和副词，充当表语、补语、定语和状语。 

1.分词具有形容词属性的语法功能：充当表语、补语和定语 

(1)分词结构作表语

a·现在分词作表语，与主语在逻辑上存在主动关系：

She appears forbidding.

The situation is encouraging.

b·过去分词作表语，与主句在逻辑上存在被动关系：

He got promoted.

She was encouraged to propose marriage to her lover.

注：现在分词作表语和动名词作表语的区别

1.动名词作表语，只能位于be动词之后，说明主语内容，回答“主语是什么”的问题。

One of the best exercise is swimming.(最好的运动是游泳)

2.现在分词作表语，可位于所有系动词后，说明主语的性质、特征，回答“主语怎么样”

The situations both at home and abroad is very inspiring.(现状鼓舞人心)

She looks charming.

(2)分词作定语

a·现在分词作定语，与其所修饰名词逻辑上是主动关系

Marry is an boring potato.

I find nothing amusing in the streets.

I just bought a vocabulary book with words starting with A and ending with Z.

b·过去分词作定语，与其所修饰名词逻辑上是被动关系

In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as Lovelife recruits young people.

(3)分词结构作补语：一般在感觉、感官和使役动词后作补语

a·在主动句中：现在分词表示宾语主动且在进行的动作

Nothing gets people talking more than alcohol does.

过去分词表示宾语被动或已经完成的动作。

What makes one respected is his actions instead of his words.

b·在被动句中，分词补充说明主语状态

He was caught dozing off in class.

He was caught on the spot breaking into a shop.

注：分词具有副词属性的语法功能：

分词修饰谓语时，具有副词属性，补充说明位于动作的时间、方式、条件等。

1.分词结构单独做状语，其逻辑主语为主干主语

Science and technology would kill all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

She spent a lot of time powdering her face.

The girl are busy making artificial flowers.

Whenever asked about it, he could help pouring the whole story out. Enraged by the humanity, God sent flood to the earth. 

2.独立结构：现在分词有自己的逻辑主语的情况，与主干主语不一致

Not long ago, with Japan’s economic growth declining , China rose up and became the 2nd.

The day being fine, we decided to go hiking.

The bus burned, few passengers survived.

Everybody, myself excepted, said no.